work type

χᾰρακτήρ, ῆρος, ὁ, ([etym.] χαράσσω)

A engraver, Euryph. ap. Stob.4.39.27; one who mints coins, IPE 1216A14 (Olbia, iii B. C.).

2 graving tool, Daimachus 4J. (pl.) ap.St.Byz. s.v. Λακεδαίμων.

3 die, stamp, IG22.1013.64, 1408.11, 1424a120, 280, 1469.107; in a simile, Arist.GA 781a28.

4 branding-iron, Clara Rhodos 2.171 (ii B. C.).

II mark engraved, impress, stamp on coins and seals,

ἀργύρου λαμπρὸς χ. E.El. 559

, cf. Pl.Plt. 289b, Arist. Pol. 1257a40; coin type, standard,

ἦν δ' ὁ ἀρχαῖος χ. δίδραχμον Id.Ath.10.2

, cf. OGI339.45 (Sestos, ii B. C.), D.S.17.66; Κότυος χ. Head Hist.Num.2285 (Thrace, i B. C.): hence, in pl., = χάραγμα 1.2, PFlor.61.21 (i A. D.): metaph., οἷς ἡ ἀρετὴ εὐδοξίας χαρακτῆρα τοῖς ἔργοις ἐπέβαλεν set a stamp upon them, Isoc.1.8; Κύπριος (s. v. l.)

χαρακτὴρ.. ἐν γυναικείοις τύποις εἰκὼς πέπληκται A.Supp. 282

.

2 esp. of figures or letters,

οἱ τῶν γραμμάτων χ. Plu.2.214f

; ὁ τύπος τῶν χ. ib.577f, cf. 1120f, D.S.3.67; of the letters used by Hp. in Epid.3.1, Zeno and Apollonius ap.Gal.17(1).618, cf. 524sq.; of a single letter of the alphabet, Jul.Or.2.72a;

ξυλήφια βραχέα ἔχοντα χαρακτῆρα Plb.6.35.7

; brand on a camel, PGen.29.8 (ii A. D.); of symbols in a prescription, Gal.13.995; of magical symbols (such as the seven vowels),

τῶν χ. ἡ ἀπόρρητος φύσις Jul.Or.7.216c

, cf. Iamb.Myst.3.13, Sallust.15; of hieroglyphs, opp. γράμματα, Luc. Herm.44.

3 metaph., distinctive mark or token impressed (as it were) on a person or thing, by which it is known from others, characteristic, character, χ. γλώσσης, of a particular dialect, Hdt.1.57, 142;

χ. αὑτὸς ἐν γλώσσῃ S.Fr. 176

;

χ. ἡμεδαπὸς τῶν ῥημάτων Ar. Pax 220

; ὁ Ἑλληνικὸς χ. Greek idiom, D.H.Pomp.3: freq. of persons, feature,

ὁ χ. τοῦ προσώπου Hdt.1.116

;

εἰληφέναι χαρακτῆρα ἑκατέρου τοῦ εἴδους Pl.Phdr. 263b

;

οἱ τῆς ὄψεως χ. D.S.1.91

;

ἀνδρῶν οὐδεὶς χ. ἐμπέφυκε σώματι E.Med. 519

;

δεινὸς χ. κἀπίσημος.. ἐσθλῶν γενέσθαι Id.Hec. 379

;

φανερὸς χ. ἀρετᾶς Id.HF 659

(lyr.); ἠθικοὶ χ., title of work by Thphr.: pl., οἱ χ. the features of the face, J.AJ13.12.1, cf. OGI508.13 (Ephesus, ii A. D.); χ. μορφῆς ἐμῆς ib.383.60 (Nemrud Dagh, i B. C., sg.); [ τοῦ ἐμβρύου] Sor.1.33 (pl.): hence,

4 type or character (regarded as shared with others) of a thing or person, rarely of an individual nature,

ἀνδρὸς χ. ἐκ λόγου γνωρίζεται Men.72

;

χ. μοχθηρότατον παραπλάττεσθαι Phld.Rh.1.6

S.;

τὸν χ. τὸν Διογένους Arr.Epict.3.22.80

; τίνα ἔχει χ. τὰ δόγματα; ib.4.5.17; of nations, Plb.18.34.7.

5 style, freq. in Rhet.,

ὁ Δημοσθένους χ. D.H.Dem.9

, cf. Pomp.1, Cic.QF2.15(16).5;

χ. δικανικός Phld.Rh.2.137S.

; χ. optimi the ideal type, Cic.Orat. 11.36, cf.39.134;

χ. ἰσχνός, μεγαλοπρεπής, γλαφυρός, δεινός Demetr. Eloc.36

, cf. D.H.Dem.33;

χ. λέξεως Id.Lys.11

;

χ. Ἀσιανός Str.13.1.66

.

6 impress, image, τῆς ὑποστάσεως [τοῦ θεοῦ] Ep.Heb.1.3; πάθους, ἀρετῆς, Longin.22.1, Eun.Hist.p.243 D.: abs., οἱ Σεβάστειοι χ. the imperial seal, i.e. the emperor himself, IG5(2).268.24 (Mantinea, i B. C.).

7 Gramm., typical form, A.D.Synt.20.10, 103.23.

Grammatical information: m.

Meaning: `garden, orchard, plantation' (Il.), `unworked piece of land' (Cypr.; cf. Kretschmer Glotta 3, 303 with R. Meister).

Other forms: Dor. κᾶπος

Compounds: Often as 1. member, e. g. κηπουρός \< *κηπο-Ϝορός (Att., hell.), also κηπ-ωρός (Archipp.; prob. after θυρωρός, s. on θύρα) `gardener'; κηπο-λάχανον `garden of vergetables' (pap.; type ἱππο-πόταμος, s. on ἵππος; cf. Strömberg Wortstudien 7), also κηπο-λαχαν-ία `id.' (pap.); κηπ-εργός `gardener' (Korykos; after ἔργον for - ουργός [Poll.]). Also as 2. member, e. g. περί-κηπος m. `garden around the house' (ptol. pap., D. S.; prob. after περί-χωρος); ἀγρό-κηπος (Att. inscr., Rom. Emp.), ἀγρο-κήπιον (Str.) `field worked as garden'.

Derivatives: Diminutiva κηπίον (Halic. V^a, Th. etc.), - πίδιον (Plu., D. L.), - πάδιον (pap.); κηπαῖος `of the garden' (Arist.; Chantraine Formation 48), κηπεύς, Dor. καπεύς `gardener' (Philyll. Com. 14, AP; Bosshardt Die Nom. auf - ευς 49), κηπίδες Νύμφαι `garden-Nymphs' (Aristainet.). Denomin. verb κηπεύω `work in the garden, cultivate' (E., Eub., Arist.) with κηπεῖαι f. pl. `gardens' (Pl. Lg. 845d), κηπεύματα pl. `garden-products, -fruits' (Ar. Av. 1100), κηπευτής = κηπεύς (Gloss.), κηπεύσιμος `grown up in a garden' (Alex. Trall.; aftr φυτεύσιμος, Arbenz Die Adj. auf - ιμος 86).

Origin: LW [a loanword which is (probably) not of Pre-Greek origin] Eur. substr.

Etymology: But for the ending κῆπος, κᾶπος can be identical with a westgerm. word of comparable meaning, OHG huoba, OS hōba, NHG Hufe, Hube f. `piece of land of a certain size', Dutch hoeve `farm', IE. *kāpā́; here also Alb. kopshtë `garden' (with shtë-suffix), which has a velar in anlaut. On further connections, some uncertain or wrong ( κάπετος, Lat. capiō, OHG habaro `oats') s. Bq, Pok. 529. Beekes ?? Does it point to a European substratum?

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Grammatical information: v.

Meaning: `to act, to perform', esp. of a sacrifice, `to offer a sacrifice' (ep. Il.).

Other forms: Fut. ῥέξω, aor. ῥέξαι, pass. ῥεχθῆναι.

Dialectal forms: Myc. woze 3 sg. pres. \/ worzei\/ Aura Jorro 2, 451.

Compounds: Rarely w. ἐπι-, κατα- a.o.

Derivatives: Vbaladj. ἄ-ρεκ-τος `undone' (Τ 150, Simon.), Nom. ag. ῥεκτήρ, - ῆρος m. `doer' (Hes., Man.; Benveniste Noms d'ag. 39), - τήριος `effective' (Ion Hist.), f. - τειρα (Man.); ῥέκτης m. `id.' (Plu., Aret.), - τικός `capable of smth.' (Porph.), also ῥέκτας `sacrificer' (Tauromenion; Rom. times); παρρέκτης πάντα πράττων ἐπὶ κακῳ̃ H.; cf. Fraenkel Nom. ag. 1, 150 a. 175; on ῥέζω with derivv. E. Kretschmer Glotta 18, 85 f.

Origin: IE [Indo-European] [1168] *u̯erǵ- `work'

Etymology: Beside the full grade (Ϝ)έργον stood originally a zero grade yot-present, IE *u̯r̥ǵ-i̯-eti (= Av. vǝrǝzyeiti a.o.), of which he Greek representative *Ϝράζω (= Myc. woze), was replaced by the full grade ἔρδω \< *Ϝέργ-ι̯ω (after Ϝέργον). As secondary full grade, with diff. position of the liquida, came for it Ϝρεγ-, first in the aor. a. fut. ῥέξαι, ῥέξω, to which the pres. ῥέζω was formed, vbaladj. ἄ-ρ(ρ)εκτος etc.; cf. Schwyzer 716 n. 2 w. lit. On traces of the same full grade in Alban. a. Celt. Pok. 1168 w. lit.; on this w. extensive treatment Bader Les composés grecs du type de demiourgos (Études et Comm. 57 [Paris 1965]) 1ff. -- Further s. ἔρδω and ἔργον.

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δαιμόνιον, ου, τό (substant. neut. of the adj. δαιμόνιος [s. 2 below δαιμόνιον πνεῦμα], quotable since Homer; OGI 383, 175; Herm. Wr. 10, 19; Ps.-Phoc. 101; En 19:1; TestSol; GrBar 16:3; Philo; Jos., Bell. 1, 373; 6, 429) in Gk. lit. the δαιμον-family refers in general to powerful entities that transcend ordinary experience. After Homer’s time, the adj. δαιμόνιος means anything ‘sent from heaven’ or ‘that which is divine’ and the subst. τὸ δ. comes to mean ‘divine manifestation’ or ‘heaven’, as in our expression ‘what heaven decrees’ (Hdt. 5, 87, 2; cp. SIG 601, 15; Jos., Bell. 1, 69); or simply ‘the divine’ (Eur., Bacch. 894); cp. SIG 545, 14 (of religious piety). In our lit. the subst. gener. denotes a malevolent force.

① transcendent incorporeal being w. status between humans and deities, daemon (as distinguished from demon, which in Eng. gener. connotes inimical aspect), semi-divine being, a divinity, spirit, (higher) power, without neg. connotation. The subst. was freq. used by Hellenes in a gener. sense esp. of independent numinous beings or divinities, as distinguished from a more personalized θεός, e.g. nymphs, Panes, and Sileni (Pla., Symp. 23 p. 202e πᾶν τὸ δαιμόνιον μεταξύ ἐστι θεοῦ τε καὶ θνητοῦ=‘every δ. is between a god and a mortal’; cp. Philo, Mos. 1, 276; UPZ 144, 43; 50 [164 B.C.]; Vett. Val. 355, 15; Ps.-Lucian, Asinus 24 p. 592 οὐδὲ τὰ δ. δέδοικας; ‘aren’t you afraid of the spirits [powers]?’ The term is common in adjurations, e.g., δαιμόνιον πνεῦμα, w. ref. to the spirit of the departed as possessing extraordinary powers: lead tablet fr. Hadrumetum [Dssm., B 26, 35 (BS 271ff)]; PGM 4, 3038; 3065; 3075). ξένων δ. καταγγελεύς a preacher of strange divinities Ac 17:18 (cp. Pla., Apol. 26b; X., Mem. 1, 1, 1 καινὰ δαιμόνια εἰσφέρειν).

② a hostile transcendent being w. status between humans and deities, spirit, power, hostile divinity, evil spirit, the neg. component may be either specific or contextual, and w. the sense commonly associated w. the loanword ‘demon’ (δ. φαῦλα: Chrysipp. [Stoic. II 338, 32, no. 1178]; Plut., Mor. 1051c. φαῦλ. δ.: Plut., Mor. 277a, Dio 2, 5. Vett. Val. 67, 5; 99, 7. Herm. Wr. 9, 3; PGM 4, 3081; 5, 120; 165; 170; LXX; En 19:1). Beings of this type are said to enter into persons and cause illness, esp. of the mental variety (GrBar 16:3 ἐν μαχαίρᾳ … ἐν δαιμονίοις as punishment; Jos., Bell. 7, 185 [of the spirits of deceased wicked people], Ant. 6, 166ff; 211; 214; 8, 45ff): δ. εἰσέρχεται εἴς τινα Lk 8:30; δ. ἔχειν Mt 11:18; Lk 7:33; 8:27; J 7:20; 8:48f, 52; 10:20. ἔχων πνεῦμα δαιμονίου ἀκαθάρτου who was under the control of an unclean power Lk 4:33. ῥῖψαν αὐτὸν τὸ δ. vs. 35; cp. ἔρρηξεν 9:42. Hence the healing of a sick person is described as the driving out of malignant forces ἐκβάλλειν (τ.) δ. (Jos., Ant. 6, 211) Mt 7:22; 9:34; 10:8; 12:24, 27f; Mk 1:34, 39; 3:15, 22; 6:13; 7:26; 9:38; 16:9, 17; Lk 9:49; 11:14f, 18ff; 13:32. Pass. Mt 9:33. ἐξουσίαν ἐπὶ πάντα τὰ δ. Lk 9:1. τὰ δʼ ὑποτάσσεται ἡμῖν 10:17. ἐξέρχεται τὸ δ. (s. ἐξέρχομαι 1aβב.—Thrasyllus [I A.D.] in Ps.-Plut., Fluv. 16, 2 ἀπέρχεται τὸ δαιμόνιον) Mt 17:18; Mk 7:29f; Lk 4:41; 8:2, 33, 35, 38. Some live in deserted places 8:29, hence a ruined city is a habitation of (malevolent) powers Rv 18:2 (cp. Is 13:21; 34:11, 14; Bar 4:35). Their ruler is βεελζεβούλ (q.v.) Mt 12:24, 27; Lk 11:15, 18f. Erroneous instruction is διδασκαλίαι δαιμονίων (subj. gen.) 1 Ti 4:1. The ability of such beings to work miracles is variously described J 10:21 and Rv 16:14. They are objects of polytheistic worship 9:20 (Dt 32:17; Bar 4:7; cp. Ps 95:5; 105:37; En 19:1; 99:7; Just., Tat.; SibOr Fgm. 1, 22. Likew. among Persians and Babylonians: Cumont³ 305, 97) 1 Cor 10:20f (w. satirical reference to the secondary status of these members of the spirit-world relative to deity); B 16:7. On Js 2:19 s. φρίσσω.—Of the evil spirit of slander Hm 2:3; of vengeance Hs 9, 23, 5; of arrogance Hs 9, 22, 3.—The δ. can appear without a tangible body, and then acts as a phantom or ghost ISm 3:2.—JGeffcken, Zwei griech. Apologeten 1907, 216ff; JTambornino, De Antiquorum Daemonismo 1909; RWünsch, D. Geisterbannung im Altertum: Festschr. Univ. Breslau 1911, 9–32; WBousset, Z. Dämonologie d. späteren Antike: ARW 18, 1915, 134–72; FAndres, Daimon: Pauly-W. Suppl. III 1918, 267–322; MPohlenz, Stoa ’49 (index).—HDuhm, D. bösen Geister im AT 1904; GBarton, EncRelEth IV 1911, 594–601; AJirku, Die Dämonen u. ihre Abwehr im AT 1912; ALods, Marti Festschr. 1925, 181–93; HKaupel, D. Dämonen im AT 1930; Bousset, Rel.³ 1926, 331ff; Billerb. IV 1928, 501–35; TCanaan, M.D., Dämonenglaube im Lande der Bibel 1929 1–20.—WAlexander, Demonic Possession in the NT 1902; JSmit, De Daemonicis in Hist. Evang. 1913; RBultmann, Gesch. d. Syn. Tradition² ’31, 223ff; HEberlein, NKZ 42, ’31, 499–509; 562–72; FFenner, D. Krankheit im NT 1930; ATitius, NBonwetsch Festschr. 1918, 25–47; GSulzer, D. Besessenheitsheilungen Jesu 1921; HSeng, D. Heilungen Jesu in med. Beleuchtung² 1926; WWrede, Z. Messiaserkenntnis d. Dämonen bei Mk: ZNW 5, 1904, 169–77; OBauernfeind, D. Worte d. Dämonen im Mk-Ev. 1928; AFridrichsen, Theology 21, ’31, 122–35; SMcCasland, By the Finger of God ’51; SEitrem, Some Notes on the Demonology in the NT: SymbOsl, Suppl. 12, ’50, 1–60; JKallas, The Satanward View (Paul), ’66; GTillesse, Le Secret Messianique dans Mk, ’68, 75–111; RAC IX 546–797; RMacMullen, VigChr 37, ’83, 174–92; G. Francois, Le polythéisme et l’emploi au singulier des mots ΘΕΟΣ ΔΑΙΜΩΝ ’57 (lit.); GRiley, Demon: DDD 445–55. S. also the lit. s.v. ἄγγελος.—B. 1488. DELG s.v. δαίμων. M-M. TW.

III. Φοῖνιξ, ικος, ὁ a seaport mentioned Ac 27:12. Two sites merit attention. The Phoinix mentioned Strabo 10, 4, 3 (475) lying in the territory of Lappa, some distance to the east fr. Loutro (s. 1), is not a serious contender; for, if correctly identified, it lacks a harbor.

① Phoinix (Ptolemy, Geogr. 3, 17, 3; Stadiasmus sive Periplus Maris Magni [a Byzantine version of a 3d cent. A.D. anonymous work] 328–29 [=GGM I 507f]) on the south coast of Crete near Loutro. On the protection offered to mariners by this harbor s. esp. Ogilvie, also Hemer, Acts 139 (lit.); but Warnecke discounts its value, given the size of the ship and the large number of crew and passengers (Ac 27:37), and favors

② Phoinikous (Ptolemy, Geogr. 3, 15, 3; Pausan. 4, 34, 12) on the southern coast of the area known as Messenia (Od. 21:15). According to Warnecke 28f (but without supporting grammatical references), the phrase λιμὴν τῆς Κρήτης means ‘a harbor for Crete’ (=a harbor suitable for trade to and fro fr. Crete). Paul’s anxiety would stem from awareness of the type of weather conditions that would put mariners in peril on a trip from Crete to Messenian Phoinikous (cp. Hom., Od. 3, 291–98).—HBalmer, D. Romfahrt des Ap. Pls 1905, 319ff; Zahn, AG 1921, 825ff; ROgilvie, JTS n.s. 9, ’58, 308–14; Warnecke, Romfahrt 19–36; Hemer, Acts 139–41; Pauly-W. XX 4335; Kl. Pauly 800; BHHW III 1464; Haenchen ad loc.; PECS 708.